2024 Gs 12 pay

Welcome to opm.gov. Note: Regarding the pay rates this calculator produces for grades GS-1 through GS-4 for locations within the United States, please be aware that …. Lifestance health rhode island

Salary Table 2023-RUS Incorporating the 4.1% General Schedule Increase and a Locality Payment of 16.50% For the Locality Pay Area of Rest of U.S. Total Increase: 4.37% Effective January 2023 Annual Rates by Grade and Step Grade Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8 Step 9 Step 10May 5, 2020 ... GS-13 is roughly equivalent to Lieutenant Colonel, and carries the pay ... GS-13 in a job which is listed as GS 12-14? Yes with the proper ...The DENVER-AURORA, CO GS Locality is one of 53 GS Locality Areas used to determine local cost-of-living pay adjustments for federal government employees. The 2024 Locality Pay Adjustment for this locality is 29.88%, which means that GS employees in this area are paid 29.88% more then the GS Base Pay Table . While the major city in this Locality ...The yearly base salaries of General Schedule employees in Eglin Air Force Base can be determined from the 2024 pay chart below, based on their GS Grade and Step. For more details, learn more about the GS Payscale or use our General Schedule salary calculator . * The 2024 General Schedule payscale is capped at a maximum salary of $191,900 per ...Use this tool to find your locality-adjusted General Schedule salary based on the base pay table and the ZIP code of your work location. Learn how GS pay is calculated and how to …The DENVER-AURORA, CO GS Locality is one of 53 GS Locality Areas used to determine local cost-of-living pay adjustments for federal government employees. The 2024 Locality Pay Adjustment for this locality is 29.88%, which means that GS employees in this area are paid 29.88% more then the GS Base Pay Table . While the major city in this Locality ... SALARY TABLE 2023-DCB. INCORPORATING THE 4.1% GENERAL SCHEDULE INCREASE AND A LOCALITY PAYMENT OF 32.49%. FOR THE LOCALITY PAY AREA OF WASHINGTON-BALTIMORE-ARLINGTON, DC-MD-VA-WV-PA. TOTAL ...Pay & Leave Salaries & Wages. Salary Table 2022-GS. Incorporating the 2.2% General Schedule Increase. Effective January 2022. Annual Rates by Grade and Step. Grade Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8 Step 9 Step 10 WGI 1 20172. 20849. 21519. 22187. 22857. 23249. 23913. 24581. 24608. 25234. VARIES ...The yearly base salaries of General Schedule employees in Joint Bases Langley-Eustis can be determined from the 2024 pay chart below, based on their GS Grade and Step. For more details, learn more about the GS Payscale or use our General Schedule salary calculator . * The 2024 General Schedule payscale is capped at a maximum salary of $191,900 ...General Schedule (GS) Payscale in Virginia for 2022. 2024. 2023. 2022. 2021. Click any county to view locality pay tables. The General Schedule (GS) payscale is the federal government payscale used to determine the salaries of over 70% of federal civilian employees. Under the GS payscale, an employee's base pay depends on two factors - …The hourly base pay of a Step 1 GS-12 employee is $31.70 per hour 1. The table on this page shows the base pay rates for a GS-12 employee. To calculate pay with locality adjustments taken into account, use our General Schedule pay calculator. THIS SPECIAL RATE TABLE INCLUDES LOCATIONS WHERE APPLICABLE GENERAL SCHEDULE LOCALITY RATES OF PAY EXCEED THE SPECIAL RATES OF PAY AT CERTAIN GRADES AND STEPS. EMPLOYEES WHO ARE COVERED BY A SPECIAL RATE SCHEDULE ARE ENTITLED TO THE APPLICABLE SPECIAL RATE WITHIN …2021 General Schedule (GS) Locality Pay Tables. For more information about the structure of the XML files available below, please see the Data Dictionary. Pay Table. Annual Rate. Hourly Rate. XML Data. 2021 General Schedule (Base) The SAN DIEGO-CARLSBAD, CA General Schedule locality region applies to government employees who work in San Diego and surrounding areas. General Schedule employees who work within this region are paid 30.87% more than the GS base pay rates to account for local cost of living. GS Grade. Step 1. Step 2.Pay & Leave Salaries & Wages. Salary Table 2022-GS. Incorporating the 2.2% General Schedule Increase. Effective January 2022. Annual Rates by Grade and Step. Grade The ST.LOUIS-ST. CHARLES-FARMINGTON, MO-IL GS Locality is one of 53 GS Locality Areas used to determine local cost-of-living pay adjustments for federal government employees. The 2024 Locality Pay Adjustment for this locality is 19.63%, which means that GS employees in this area are paid 19.63% more then the GS Base Pay Table.. While …Fingerprint scanners like those on the latest iPhones could soon give way to another biometric identifier: The geometry of the veins in your hands. Fingerprint scanners like those ...The DENVER-AURORA, CO GS Locality is one of 53 GS Locality Areas used to determine local cost-of-living pay adjustments for federal government employees. The 2024 Locality Pay Adjustment for this locality is 29.88%, which means that GS employees in this area are paid 29.88% more then the GS Base Pay Table . While the major city in this Locality ...May 5, 2020 ... GS-13 is roughly equivalent to Lieutenant Colonel, and carries the pay ... GS-13 in a job which is listed as GS 12-14? Yes with the proper ...Getting a parking ticket is one of those annoyances that tends to make a day go downhill. While it’s never fun to see a ticket flapping on your windshield, the good news is that ma...Chase Quick Pay is a banking tool you use to send money to almost anyone in the United States who has a bank account. While there are a few steps required to set it up, it’s design...General Schedule (GS) base pay varies from the GS-1 level at $21,986 per annum to $159,950 per annum at step 10 of the GS-15 grade, not including locality pay adjustments. The Senior Executive Service salary tops out at $226,300 per annum. The average annual salary for full-time non-postal employees has increased to just over $94,500 in 2023. General Schedule (GS) base pay varies from the GS-1 level at $21,986 per annum to $159,950 per annum at step 10 of the GS-15 grade, not including locality pay adjustments. The Senior Executive Service salary tops out at $226,300 per annum. The average annual salary for full-time non-postal employees has increased to just over $94,500 in 2023. The CHARLOTTE-CONCORD, NC-SC General Schedule locality region applies to government employees who work in Charlotte and surrounding areas. General Schedule employees who work within this region are paid 17.44% more than the GS base pay rates to account for local cost of living. GS Grade. Step 1. Step 2.The CHICAGO-NAPERVILLE, IL-IN-WI GS Locality is one of 53 GS Locality Areas used to determine local cost-of-living pay adjustments for federal government employees. The 2024 Locality Pay Adjustment for this locality is 30.41%, which means that GS employees in this area are paid 30.41% more then the GS Base Pay Table . Nursing is a demanding and rewarding profession, and nurses are essential to the health care system. As such, it’s important to understand the pay rate for nurses so you can make a...gs-12: $74,441: $76,922: $79,403: $81,884: $84,365: $86,846: $89,327: $91,808: $94,289: $96,770: gs-13: $88,520: $91,471: $94,422: $97,373: $100,324: $103,275: $106,226: …The stocks were grouped in five blocks between 1 million and more than 3.2 million. In a separate SEC filing, Bezos listed the proposed sale of 50 million Amazon …The CLEVELAND-AKRON-CANTON, OH-PA GS Locality is one of 53 GS Locality Areas used to determine local cost-of-living pay adjustments for federal government employees. The 2024 Locality Pay Adjustment for this locality is 22.01%, which means that GS employees in this area are paid 22.01% more then the GS Base Pay Table .2023 GS Base Payscale Table PDF Version - 2023 GS Payscale. 2023 General Schedule Pay Raise: From 2022 to 2023, the GS pay rates were raised a total of 4.1%. This table shows the base pay amounts for all General Schedule employees based on the 2023 GS Pay Scale, as published by the Office of Personnel Management. Aug 4, 2014 ... Record 2023 Federal Pay raise with updated GS Pay Chart. Saving to ... 1M views · 12:05. Go to channel · What is the Salary Structure of an IAS ....SALARY TABLE 2021-GS. INCORPORATING THE 1% GENERAL SCHEDULE INCREASE. EFFECTIVE JANUARY 2021. Hourly Basic (B) Rates by Grade and Step. Hourly Title 5 Overtime (O) Rates for FLSA-Exempt Employees by Grade and Step. Grade B/O Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8 Step 9 Step 10 1 B 9.46: …The General Schedule (GS) payscale is the federal government payscale used to determine the salaries of over 70% of federal civilian employees. Under the GS payscale, an employee's base pay depends on two factors - the GS Paygrade of their job, and the Paygrade Step they have achieved (depending on seniority or performance).The LOS ANGELES-LONG BEACH, CA GS Locality is one of 53 GS Locality Areas used to determine local cost-of-living pay adjustments for federal government employees. The 2024 Locality Pay Adjustment for this locality is 35.84%, which means that GS employees in this area are paid 35.84% more then the GS Base Pay Table . Learn what GS pay scale means for PMF appointment opportunities, including the job series, pay grade, and step levels. Find out how to apply for GS-12 or …Welcome to opm.gov. Note: Regarding the pay rates this calculator produces for grades GS-1 through GS-4 for locations within the United States, please be aware that a table 001M special rate applies in place of any corresponding locality rate or other applicable special rate that is lower than the table 001M special rate. For the Locality Pay Area of New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA Total Increase: 5.53% Effective January 2024 Annual Rates by Grade and Step Grade Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8 Step 9 Step 10 1 $ 30,174 $ 31,186 $ 32,188 $ 33,189 $ 34,189 $ 34,775 $ 35,769 $ 36,769 $ 36,809 $ 37,744 ...Remember that final General Schedule salaries will be higher, depending on the locality in which you work. Visit our locality pages or use our pay calculator to determine adjusted pay for a GS-14 employee. GS-14 Step 1 Employee. $104,604.00 / year. $50.12 per hour. Open General Schedule Pay Calculator.January 2022 Pay Adjustments. President Joseph R. Biden Jr. signed an Executive Order (EO) on 2022 pay that authorizes a 2.2% across-the-board increase for the 2022 General Schedule (Base) plus an additional 0.5% in locality pay adjustments, reflecting an overall average pay increase of 2.7%. The 2022 pay schedules are …The yearly base salaries of General Schedule employees in Eglin Air Force Base can be determined from the 2024 pay chart below, based on their GS Grade and Step. For more details, learn more about the GS Payscale or use our General Schedule salary calculator . * The 2024 General Schedule payscale is capped at a maximum salary of $191,900 per ...A General Schedule (GS) pay scale is one of many pay systems in the federal government. A GS pay grade is a rate of basic pay based on the specific level of work or range of …General Schedule (GS) Payscale in Hawaii for 2023. 2024. 2023. 2022. 2021. Click any county to view locality pay tables. The General Schedule (GS) payscale is the federal government payscale used to determine the salaries of over 70% of federal civilian employees. Under the GS payscale, an employee's base pay depends on two factors - …The General Schedule (GS) payscale is the federal government payscale used to determine the salaries of over 70% of federal civilian employees. Under the GS payscale, an employee's base pay depends on two factors - the GS Paygrade of their job, and the Paygrade Step they have achieved (depending on seniority or performance). Within the GS-11 paygrade, a single step increase will raise yearly base pay by a total of $2,070.00. When you receive a paygrade promotion, you will maintain your previously attained step. For example, a GS-11 Step 3 employee who receives a paygrade promotion to GS-12 will now be paid at GS-12 Step 3. Read more about how step increases work.2024 General Schedule Pay Raise: From 2023 to 2024, the GS pay rates were raised a total of 4.7%. This is the current-year General Schedule (GS) Pay Scale, effective for 2024. This table shows the base pay amounts for all General Schedule employees based on the 2024 GS Pay Scale, as published by the Office of Personnel Management. Jan 4, 2023 · SALARY TABLE 2023-DCB. INCORPORATING THE 4.1% GENERAL SCHEDULE INCREASE AND A LOCALITY PAYMENT OF 32.49%. FOR THE LOCALITY PAY AREA OF WASHINGTON-BALTIMORE-ARLINGTON, DC-MD-VA-WV-PA. TOTAL ... The hourly base pay of a Step 1 GS-12 employee is $34.07 per hour 1. The table on this page shows the base pay rates for a GS-12 employee. To calculate pay with locality adjustments taken into account, use our General Schedule pay calculator. The CHARLOTTE-CONCORD, NC-SC General Schedule locality region applies to government employees who work in Charlotte and surrounding areas. General Schedule employees who work within this region are paid 18.63% more than the GS base pay rates to account for local cost of living. GS Grade. Step 1. Step 2.2021 GS Base Payscale Table PDF Version - 2021 GS Payscale. 2021 General Schedule Pay Raise: From 2020 to 2021, the GS pay rates were raised a total of 1%. This table shows the base pay amounts for all General Schedule employees based on the 2021 GS Pay Scale, as published by the Office of Personnel Management.The ST.LOUIS-ST. CHARLES-FARMINGTON, MO-IL GS Locality is one of 53 GS Locality Areas used to determine local cost-of-living pay adjustments for federal government employees. The 2024 Locality Pay Adjustment for this locality is 19.63%, which means that GS employees in this area are paid 19.63% more then the GS Base Pay Table.. While …Fact Sheet: Within-Grade Increases Description. Each General Schedule (GS) grade has 10 steps. Within-grade increases (WGIs) or step increases are periodic increases in a GS employee's rate of basic pay from one step of the grade of his or her position to the next higher step of that grade.Allowances by LocationDSSR 920Country: Korea, SouthRates Effective: 02/11/2024. *DEA and FBI receive danger pay and adjusted post differential at additional locations listed in footnote "u". **To view DOD imminent danger pay see footnote "v".GS-8 government employees will receive a base salary of between $46,475.00 and $60,416.00, depending on their General Schedule Step . The educational and experience requirements for most GS-8 government jobs are: Bachelor's Degree. At least 1 year experience at GS-7 or equivalent. The General Schedule pay raise this year was 4.7%.The LOS ANGELES-LONG BEACH, CA GS Locality is one of 53 GS Locality Areas used to determine local cost-of-living pay adjustments for federal government employees. The 2024 Locality Pay Adjustment for this locality is 35.84%, which means that GS employees in this area are paid 35.84% more then the GS Base Pay Table . The yearly base salaries of General Schedule employees in Fort Bliss can be determined from the 2024 pay chart below, based on their GS Grade and Step. For more details, learn more about the GS Payscale or use our General Schedule salary calculator . * The 2024 General Schedule payscale is capped at a maximum salary of $191,900 per year, which ...Remember that final General Schedule salaries will be higher, depending on the locality in which you work. Visit our locality pages or use our pay calculator to determine adjusted pay for a GS-14 employee. GS-14 Step 1 Employee. $104,604.00 / year. $50.12 per hour. Open General Schedule Pay Calculator.Pay & Leave Salaries & Wages. SALARY TABLE 2021-GS. INCORPORATING THE 1% GENERAL SCHEDULE INCREASE. EFFECTIVE JANUARY 2021. Hourly Basic (B) Rates by Grade and Step. Hourly Title 5 Overtime (O) Rates for FLSA-Exempt Employees by Grade and Step. Grade B/O Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8 …The SAN JOSE-SAN FRANCISCO-OAKLAND, CA General Schedule locality region applies to government employees who work in San Francisco and surrounding areas. General Schedule employees who work within this region are paid 44.15% more than the GS base pay rates to account for local cost of living. GS Grade. Step 1. Step 2. Starting salary for a GS-14 employee is $93,907.00 per year at Step 1, with a maximum possible base pay of $122,077.00 per year at Step 10. The hourly base pay of a Step 1 GS-14 employee is $45.00 per hour 1. The table on this page shows the base pay rates for a GS-14 employee. Starting salary for a GS-12 employee is $66,167.00 per year at Step 1, with a maximum possible base pay of $86,021.00 per year at Step 10. The hourly base pay of a Step 1 GS …The HUNTSVILLE-DECATUR, AL-TN GS Locality is one of 53 GS Locality Areas used to determine local cost-of-living pay adjustments for federal government employees. The 2024 Locality Pay Adjustment for this locality is 21.48%, which means that GS employees in this area are paid 21.48% more then the GS Base Pay Table .The yearly base salaries of General Schedule employees in Joint Base Lewis-McChord can be determined from the 2024 pay chart below, based on their GS Grade and Step. For more details, learn more about the GS Payscale or use our General Schedule salary calculator . * The 2024 General Schedule payscale is capped at a maximum salary of …The GG pay rates are generally identical to published GS pay rates. The GS-1 through GS-7 range generally marks entry-level positions, while mid-level positions are in the GS-8 to GS-12 range and top-level positions (senior managers, high-level technical specialists, or physicians) are in the GS-13 to GS-15 range. The yearly base salaries of General Schedule employees in Salt Lake City can be determined from the 2024 pay chart below, based on their GS Grade and Step. For more details, learn more about the GS Payscale or use our General Schedule salary calculator . * The 2024 General Schedule payscale is capped at a maximum salary of $191,900 per …The yearly base salaries of General Schedule employees in MacDill Air Force Base can be determined from the 2024 pay chart below, based on their GS Grade and Step. For more details, learn more about the GS Payscale or use our General Schedule salary calculator . * The 2024 General Schedule payscale is capped at a maximum salary of $191,900 per ...May 5, 2020 ... GS-13 is roughly equivalent to Lieutenant Colonel, and carries the pay ... GS-13 in a job which is listed as GS 12-14? Yes with the proper ...Starting salary for a GS-12 employee is $66,829.00 per year at Step 1, with a maximum possible base pay of $86,881.00 per year at Step 10. The hourly base pay of a Step 1 GS-12 employee is $32.02 per hour1 . The table on this page shows the base pay rates for a GS-12 employee. GS-12 Hourly Pay. $29.76 - $38.68. Per-Step Increase. $2,070.00. Education Req's. Master's or Ph.D. GS-12 is the 12th paygrade in the General Schedule (GS) payscale, the payscale used to determine the salaries of most civilian government employees. The GS-12 pay grade is generally held by white-collar employees in mid-level positions.Starting salary for a GS-14 employee is $93,907.00 per year at Step 1, with a maximum possible base pay of $122,077.00 per year at Step 10. The hourly base pay of a Step 1 GS-14 employee is $45.00 per hour 1. The table on this page shows the base pay rates for a GS-14 employee. The types of jobs for each pay grade include: GS1 through GS4: internships or student jobs; GS5 through GS7: entry-level roles; GS8 through GS12: mid-level ...More in: GS Locality Pay Tables. By: FEDweek Staff. Salary Table 2024-DCB. Incorporating the 4.7% General Schedule Increase and a Locality Payment of 33.26%. For the Locality Pay Area of ...The GS-11 pay grade is generally held by white-collar employees in mid-level positions. Starting salary for a GS-11 employee is $55,756.00 per year at Step 1, with a maximum possible base pay of $72,487.00 per year at Step 10. The hourly base pay of a Step 1 GS-11 employee is $26.72 per hour 1. The BOSTON-WORCESTER-PROVIDENCE, MA-RI-NH-CT-ME-VT GS Locality is one of 53 GS Locality Areas used to determine local cost-of-living pay adjustments for federal government employees. The 2024 Locality Pay Adjustment for this locality is 31.97%, which means that GS employees in this area are paid 31.97% more then the GS Base Pay Table . There is fantastic news for those who are bored with their 9-to-5 jobs. More people are moving away from traditional careers and into unconventional jobs that are rewarding, offer ...2023 GS Pay Scale With Locality. The 2023 GS pay scale incorporates a 2023 federal pay raise with an overall average of 4.6% with a General Schedule (GS) base pay increase of 4.1% and a 2023 GS locality pay increase of 0.5% for a total 2023 pay raise of 4.6% for federal employees.The HOUSTON-THE WOODLANDS, TX General Schedule locality region applies to government employees who work in Houston and surrounding areas. General Schedule employees who work within this region are paid 33.32% more than the GS base pay rates to account for local cost of living. GS Grade. Step 1. Step 2.May 5, 2020 ... GS-13 is roughly equivalent to Lieutenant Colonel, and carries the pay ... GS-13 in a job which is listed as GS 12-14? Yes with the proper ...The yearly base salaries of General Schedule employees in Eglin Air Force Base can be determined from the 2024 pay chart below, based on their GS Grade and Step. For more details, learn more about the GS Payscale or use our General Schedule salary calculator . * The 2024 General Schedule payscale is capped at a maximum salary of $191,900 per ...SALARY TABLE 2021-GS. INCORPORATING THE 1% GENERAL SCHEDULE INCREASE. EFFECTIVE JANUARY 2021. Hourly Basic (B) Rates by Grade and Step. Hourly Title 5 Overtime (O) Rates for FLSA-Exempt Employees by Grade and Step. Grade B/O Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8 Step 9 Step 10 1 B 9.46: …

The CLEVELAND-AKRON-CANTON, OH-PA GS Locality is one of 53 GS Locality Areas used to determine local cost-of-living pay adjustments for federal government employees. The 2024 Locality Pay Adjustment for this locality is 22.01%, which means that GS employees in this area are paid 22.01% more then the GS Base Pay Table .. Aarp games klondike

The pay scale GS has 15 pay grades, from GS-1 to GS-15. Each pay grade has 10 steps, with employees generally advancing to the next step every 1-3 years, depending on their performance. The higher the grade and step, the higher the pay. For example, a GS-1 step 1 employee would earn less than a GS-15 step 10 employee.The LOS ANGELES-LONG BEACH, CA GS Locality is one of 53 GS Locality Areas used to determine local cost-of-living pay adjustments for federal government employees. The 2024 Locality Pay Adjustment for this locality is 35.84%, which means that GS employees in this area are paid 35.84% more then the GS Base Pay Table .At least 1 year experience at GS-12 or equivalent ; The General Schedule pay raise this year was 4.7%. This translates to a base pay raise of approximately $4,160.44 for a GS-13 Step 1 employee. Remember that final General Schedule salaries will be higher, depending on the locality in which you work. Visit our locality pages or use our pay ... 2022 GS Base Payscale Table PDF Version - 2022 GS Payscale. 2022 General Schedule Pay Raise: From 2021 to 2022, the GS pay rates were raised a total of 2.2%. This table shows the base pay amounts for all General Schedule employees based on the 2022 GS Pay Scale, as published by the Office of Personnel Management. The GS-12 pay grade is generally held by white-collar employees in mid-level positions. GS-12 is the highest grade one can achieve before the position becomes "Career Competitive" meaning that the position must be listed on USAJobs.gov and be available any qualified U.S. citizen to apply. Because of positions receive above GS-12 are competitive ...The yearly base salaries of General Schedule employees in Fort Bliss can be determined from the 2024 pay chart below, based on their GS Grade and Step. For more details, learn more about the GS Payscale or use our General Schedule salary calculator . * The 2024 General Schedule payscale is capped at a maximum salary of $191,900 per year, which ...This year, Presidents Day is on Monday, Feb. 19. The holiday is celebrated on the third Monday of every February because of a bill signed into law in 1968 by President …For the Locality Pay Area of Kansas City-Overland Park-Kansas City, MO-KS Total Increase: 5.12% Effective January 2024 Annual Rates by Grade and Step Grade Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8 Step 9 Step 10 1 $ 26,086 $ 26,962 $ 27,828 $ 28,693 $ 29,558 $ 30,065 $ 30,924 $ 31,789 $ 31,823 $ 32,631 There is fantastic news for those who are bored with their 9-to-5 jobs. More people are moving away from traditional careers and into unconventional jobs that are rewarding, offer ...Salary Table 2024-KC Incorporating the 4.7% General Schedule Increase and a Locality Payment of 18.65% For the Locality Pay Area of Kansas City-Overland Park-Kansas City, MO-KS Total Increase: 5.12% Effective January 2024 Annual Rates by Grade and Step Grade Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8 Step 9 Step 10Jan 4, 2023 · SALARY TABLE 2023-DCB. INCORPORATING THE 4.1% GENERAL SCHEDULE INCREASE AND A LOCALITY PAYMENT OF 32.49%. FOR THE LOCALITY PAY AREA OF WASHINGTON-BALTIMORE-ARLINGTON, DC-MD-VA-WV-PA. TOTAL ... .

Popular Topics